ENV200H1S Tutorial #4 – Water and Carbon Footprints of Food
(last updated March 10, 2025)
INTRODUCTION
Every single product we consume, buy or sell uses water and emits green house gases (GHGs) to produce. Agriculture is a unique sector in this perspective since it contributes to climate change at the same time it is very sensitive to it. The availability of freshwater resources is of major importance to sustain global food security. Climate change has a negative impact on the availability of freshwater resources since it is projected to alter rainfall patterns and increase the frequency of extreme weather events, such as droughts and floods. The agricultural sector takes ~40% of the world’s land area. With such a vast area, ~70% of the global fresh water is used for agricultural production every year. Agriculture is also responsible for
75% of total nitrous oxide (N2O) and 50% of anthropogenic methane (CH4) emissions in the world. It is also important to highlight that agriculture is the basic sector of most countries in the world and is the center of the global economy with an estimated value of billions of dollars per year. A constant growing human population and changing diets, mostly based on high consumption of animal source foods, has increased the global water use and GHG emissions in agriculture. Therefore, one of the greatest challenges ofthe agricultural sector in the next decades is to meet global food requirements with sustainable management of natural resources and reduction in the emissions of pollutants to the atmosphere, water and land. It is of major importance to analyze our lifestyle choices and understand the impact of our diets in water use and GHG emissions in the world.
Water Footprint
The water footprint is a “measure of humanity’s appropriation of fresh water in volumes of water consumed and/or polluted” and it is used to measure the amount of water used to produce each of the goods and services we use. Each individual has a personal water footprint which is impacted by their lifestyle, including diet, consumer habits, sanitation and transport. You may think your average water use is small, since you do not leave the tap running or take long showers, however, a large majority of the water we use every day comes in the form of virtual water. Virtual water is the volume of water used to produce consumer products. Some of the greatest culprits come from the food we eat, especially meat products. For example, if you were to eat a hamburger, that cow comes with a water footprint. The cow needs to drink water, water is used to clean barns to keep them sanitary for human consumption and water is used to grow the plants that ultimately feed the cows. In fact, agriculture accounts for nearly 92% of our global water footprint. Therefore, food we choose to eat will have a huge impact on the amount of water we are using daily. For a comprehensive list, see
https://waterfootprint.org/en/resources/interactive-tools/product-gallery/
Carbon Footprint
The carbon footprint is the total amount of GHGs that are generated by human actions. Similar to the water footprint, every individual has a personal carbon footprint that is related to our lifestyle, such as diet, consumer habits and transportation. You may think that your average carbon footprint is low because you use alternative ways of transportation, such as bicycles or public transport, however, a great part of our GHG emissions are related to the production and transportation of the items we eat on a regular basis.
In fact, food and agriculture activities account for 1/3 of anthropogenic GHG emissions globally. These emissions are generated in all steps of food production systems, from land modifications for crop production/livestock maintenance to the decay of food waste that ends up in landfills and open dumps. Therefore, food we choose to eat will have a huge impact on the amount of our daily GHGs emissions. For more details, see https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/ghg-per-kg-poore
Moving towards sustainability
As outlined by the United Nation’s Sustainability goals, achieving food security and combating climate change are goals we are striving for worldwide. However, when we assess global carbon and water footprints in food production, these goals are far from being met. Due to a rapidly changing climate, many places on Earth have seen extended and more severe periods of droughts. This has major negative impacts in the food security of many countries in the world. Thinking about our changing climate, agri-food production, and lifestyles, we need to ask ourselves how we can contribute to a more sustainable agriculture through our dietary choices in order to guarantee food security for future generations.
Tutorial Objectives
. To estimate the water and carbon footprint of your diet.
. To explore elements of your diet that contribute to high water resource use and GHG emissions.
. To compare your diet`s water and carbon footprint to a global consumption, while acknowledging climate change as a threat to food production.
. To reflect on the water resource use and GHG emissions by the agriculture sector and discuss the feasibility of more sustainable agriculture practices.
Tutorial Assignment:
Due: March 30th by 11:59 pm. Submit through assignment link on Quercus
1. Calculate the water and carbon footprint of a 2-day diet.
2. Recalculate the water and carbon footprint of a 2-day diet substituting 3 high volume/impact food items.
3. Compare the water and carbon footprint of your 2 diets to average North American diet footprints.
4. Discuss impacts of your substitutions if any.
5. Discuss the steps needed to make 1 of the 3 items you substituted more sustainable and feasible for future sustainable consumption.
Detailed steps:
1. Track your diet habits during two days. You will need to take notes of the quantities of every item you eat and how much goes to waste. If you do not know exact quantities, estimate the best you can. See some conversions below to help you with the calculations. Whenever possible, take notes of where the food was produced. If you do not want to disclose your eating habits, you can make up a diet.
. Calculate the water footprint of the items you ate over those two days using the water footprint of food guide:
https://www.watercalculator.org/water-footprint-of-food-guide/
o After selecting a food item in the list, click on “learn more” . Check if the water footprint of the item is categorized as small, medium or large.
o Ifyou do not find a specific food item in the list, select the closest option. For example, select bread for bagel.
o The website lists the water footprint for a portion size of 4 oz of a food item produced. Remember to perform appropriate calculations for accurate results. For example, 181 L of water are used to produce 4 oz of bread. One slice of bread has approximately 1.6 oz. Therefore, approximately 72 L of water are used to produce one slice of bread.
o Note that you might need to perform conversions between kilograms (KG), ounces (OZ) and pounds (LBS) for accurate calculations. 1 kilogram = 2.2 pounds = 35 ounces.
. Calculate the carbon footprint of the items you ate over those two days using the food carbon emissions calculator:
http://www.foodemissions.com/Calculator
o Note that you will need to know where the food was produced in order to set long
distance truck transport (miles). You can use Google Maps to estimate the distance
the food had to travel between its production and your plate. If you do not know where the food was produced, set the long-distance truck transport to 1700 miles
- average distance between the region that holds most of the crop’s farming activities in Canada (the Prairie Provinces - Alberta, Saskatchewan and Manitoba) and Toronto.
o In the “set quantity purchased by the consumer (pounds)”, put the amount of a food item you have eaten in pounds (LBS).
o In the “set consumer waste percentage”, put the approximate percentage of the selected food item you have not eaten and disposed in the garbage.
o The total carbon footprint of a food item is equal to the sum of production, transport, and waste CO2-e emissions
o You might need to perform conversions between kilometers (KM) and miles (MI) for accurate calculations. 1 km = 0.62 miles
Once you have completed step 1. by determining the water and carbon footprints for all your food items over a 2-day period, put the information into a table such as the following:
Day
|
Food Item
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Quantity
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Distance
Traveled
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Waste %
|
Water
Footprint
|
Carbon Footprint (Kg of CO2e)
|
1
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e.g. bread
|
6 slices = 9.6oz=
0.6lbs
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1700 miles
|
0 – ate all 6 slices
|
432 L
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0.14 Kg of CO2e
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2
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e.g. fresh apple
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1 unit =
3.52oz =
0.22lbs
|
1700 miles
|
10% - did
not eat the
middle part
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82.25 L
|
0.04 Kg of CO2e
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e.g. bowl of pasta
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1 bowl =
10.58oz = 0.66lbs
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1700 miles
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0 – ate the
full bowl
|
558.09 L
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0.14 Kg of CO2e
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TOTAL (sum of all food items)
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1,072.34 L
|
0.32 Kg of CO2e
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DAILY AVERAGE (Total/2 days)
|
536.17 L
|
0.16 kg of CO2e
|
2. Select three food items that you either 1) consume frequently in high quantities and/or 2) have a high contribution to your dietary water and/or carbon footprints. Research about substitutions for these items that could decrease the water and/or carbon footprint of your diet. Re-calculate your dietary water and/or carbon footprint as described above substituting the three items you selected by more sustainable alternatives.
3. Compare the average carbon and water footprints of your previous and new diet with the average dietary carbon and water footprint in Canada/North America.
Average dietary carbon footprint in Canada: 6.252 kg of CO2-e/person/day
Source: Veeramani, A., Dias, G. M., Kirkpatrick, S. I. (2017). Carbon footprint of dietary patterns in Ontario, Canada: A case study based on actual food consumption. Journal of cleaner production, 162, 1398-1406.
Average dietary water footprint in North America: 2,617 L/person/day
Source: Harris, F., Moss, C., Joy, E. J., Quinn, R., Scheelbeek, P. F., Dangour, A. D., Green, R. (2020). The water footprint of diets: a global systematic review and meta-analysis. Advances in Nutrition, 11(2), 375-386.
4. Document and discuss your dietary substitutions and how they impacted your carbon and water footprints (max 500 words). Summarize your previous and new diet and discuss whether the substitutions ofthose three items were effective in reducing your carbon and water footprints. You should also compare the carbon and water footprints of your previous and new diet with the average dietary carbon and water footprint in Canada/North America. In this part, think about the following questions:
i. Was the carbon and water footprint ofyour original diet higher or below the Canadian/North American average?;
ii. What were the food items in your diet that you selected to substitute? Why did you select these three food items?;
iii. Were the substitutions for more sustainable alternatives effective in decreasing your dietary carbon/water footprint?;
iv. How does the carbon/water footprint ofyour new diet compare to the Canadian/North American average?
5. Select one out of the three food items you decided to substitute for more sustainable
alternatives. Summarize the major problems in the production process of your selected food item that contributes to its water and/or carbon footprint; and present an analyses of what steps need to take place towards a more sustainable production worldwide (max 500 words). One approach is to correlate the problem in the production process of the selected food item with the production, transport and waste carbon emissions. Take a GLOBAL realistic perspective, not a personal perspective. All ideas should be backed by external research and be as specific as possible. In this part, think about the following questions:
i. What are the reasons for selecting this food item in specific?;
ii. What are the major problems in its production/distribution process that contribute to its water and/or carbon footprint?;
iii. What changes in its production/distribution process could be made to decrease its water and/or carbon footprint?
iv. Are these changes applicable in a realistic perspective?;
v. How could these changes contribute to a more sustainable production/distribution of this food item worldwide?
vi. Was the substitute significant and likely to be adopted by others?
. Your assessment should be written in an essay format with an introduction, body and conclusion, in full sentences with paragraphs.
Within your assignment you should:
o Use APA in-text citation method as appropriate and for formatting references used in your reference list;
o Incorporate additional research as appropriate since there is an abundance of interest and sources on this topic;
o Provide any calculations you use in support of your statements; and
o Attach the results of your personal water footprint to the end of your assignment.
. Must have AT LEAST 2 peer-reviewed citations
Some resources to get started (these should not be your only peer reviewed citations):
Karwacka, M., Ciurzyńska, A., Lenart, A., Janowicz, M. (2020). Sustainable development in the agri-
food sector in terms of the carbon footprint: a review. Sustainability, 12(16), 6463.
Mekonnen, M. M., & Gerbens-Leenes, W. (2020). The water footprint of global food
production. Water, 12(10), 2696.
Mekonnen, M. M., & Hoekstra, A. Y. (2011). The green, blue and grey water footprint of crops and
derived crop products. Hydrology and Earth System Sciences, 15(5), 1577-1600.
Grading Rubric for Tutorial Assignments
Each assignment will be graded based on the following major criteria:
Mechanics:
Follows assignment instructions addressing all identified requirements including reference requirements and word counts.
Development of Ideas:
Arguments/main points are effective, well developed and supported with substantial evidence.
Logic & Organization:
Clear and specific introduction and conclusion. Thesis statement is explicit. Arguments/main
points are effective, well developed and supported with substantial evidence. Ideas presented in an organized and logical manner.
References:
Appropriate references and in-text citations are used appropriately to enhance arguments.