代写GEOL 0820 Natural Disasters LECTURE#8: Earthquake Disasters:Mitigation &Tsunami Science Spring

GEOL 0820

Natural Disasters

Spring, 2025

LECTURE#8: Earthquake Disasters:Mitigation &Tsunami Science

Date:5 Feb 2025

I.   Exam l

   Feb   10th-next   Monday

o   covers  material  from  weeks   1-5(everything  up  to/including  today's  class)

o~50  multiple  choice  questions   including  a  few   based  on   pictures,the  videos,in

the news slides

o  never  leave  blanks/skip  questions-better  to  guess  if you  are  unsure

·     please be on time

o if you are more than 10 minutes late or you will not be given the test

  you must    have:Peoplesoft   number,#2   pencil,eraser, photo  ID

●  here are example questions,which we will go over at the start of lecture:

1.During  the  last  half  of  the   20th  century,hurricanes,tsunami,and                       

account for the majority of deaths from natural disasters.

A.volcanic    eruptions     B.    floods           C.landslides            D.earthquakes

2.In  general,the  larger  and  more  energetic  the  disaster,the  shorter  the  return

period  between such events.

A.true                            B.false

3.The heat that transformed the Earth early in its history came primarily from all

but which of the following?

A.impact    energy           B.   gravitational   energy

C.magnetic  energy       D.decay of radioactive elements

4.The  compressional  movement  at  subduction  zones  and  continent-continent

collisions generate the largest tectonic earthquakes affecting the widest areas.

A.true                            B.false

II.EQs:Hazard   Intensity

●  function  of  the  magnitude  (energy  released)

o other critical factors  are  equally  important  and  include

duration of shaking

■  rock/soil types at/near the surface

■  quality  of  the  structures

integrity/strength

density

utilities

  human  population

density

time  of  day(at  work,home,on  the  highways?)

·    duration of shaking

o longer ground shaking causes more damage to buildings

o  potentially  results  in:

■ more people injured or killed

■  evacuation of homes and businesses

■  segments of the economy that suffer

■  hazardous materials can be released

o mitigation through hazard maps

providing shaking hazard information

 show the areas with the strongest expected shaking

 suggest ways to mitigate shaking damage

SHAKING  INTENSITY

San Andreas Earthquake

Peninsula Segment

Magnitude 7.1

Modified Mercalli

Intensity

Shaking Severity Level

■X-Very Violent

■IXViolent

□VIIVery Strong

□VII-Strong

□ VI-Moderate

□ V-Light

-Highways Streets

Source:ABAG,1998

"On Shaky Ground"

The mapis intended

for planning only.

Intensities may be

incorrect by one unit

higher or lower.Current

version of map

available on Internet at

http:/lquake.abag.ca.gov

·    rock/soil types at/near the surface:

o contributor to higher amounts of ground shaking

 transmits surface waves and can amplify them

o has a LARGE effect on amount of shaking &building damage

■ buildings on bedrock always suffer far less damage than those built on soft sediment,soils,and/or  weakened  rock

■ sediment compresses more and tends to subside and/or amplify the ground motion

o  EQ  induced  landslides:

■ vibrations from EQ an act as a trigger for landslides in steep areas

■  we will cover landslides more in later lectures

 

o    liquefaction:  the process of

ground water flow toward the  surface due to seismic waves

  the flow  keeps soil

particles  from  touching creates  a flowing

soil/water  mixture  (similar to  quicksand)

surface  expression  includes  sand  boils, dikes,and   ridges

 

 

building  damage  from  liquefaction

·    structural   integrity:

o critical  in  preventing  high  death  rates following  a  large  earthquake

o a vast majority of the fatalities from EQ are caused by building/structural failures (key point in the video homework)

o    examples:

■   brickwork:  fails at a  high rate due to the weakness of the mortar

 

"    wood-frame.:  more  flexible  and  can withstand  low-moderate ground motion, but  easily  destroyed

■   heavy-roofed   structures: very  unstable  and  easily  fail,trapping  people underneath

 

example:parking    garages,hotel     lobbies,etc.

  integrity  of  utilities:

o  failure  of  underground  pipelines  (gas,water,electrical)due  to  ground acceleration

o  in  modern  cities,problems  arise  due  to  post-EQ  fires


can impact other facilities:nuclear power facilities,chemical plants,etc.

■ can cause a large increase in EQ-related damage and deaths due to these fires,explosions,and   electrocutions

■  failure of water lines also hinders fire-fighting efforts

■  example:over 30%of the city of San Francisco was destroyed due to fire after the 1906 EQ

·    population/building density,time of day (aka,the  people factor)

o as the density of people and buildings increase,so does the hazard risks

o if more people are out on the roads,walking on the sidewalks or at work in buildings,there are more chances for injury

  mitigation  efforts

o  structural  reinforcements

■  buildings,concrete  columns,single-family  home  construction

 

I.Tsunamis   (new   topic)

●  awareness of the disaster

o   South    Asian   (Dec.26,2004)and    Japan(Mar.11,2011)tsunamis

■ these received mass media coverage around the world

■  first major tsunamis in the recent past

■  last large one was in the Indian Ocean in 1883  caused by the eruption of Krakatau Volcano 36,000 deaths

  the ~2150(004),0(t)00(su)nin(a)mIndon(i:kille)s(~)ia(2)3l, people in  14  countries

caused by the 3rd largest EQ ever recorded(M~9.1) hypocenter:30km below seafloor

vertical offset (thrust fault)of the seafloor along the fault trace:25m

●  a tsunami is NOT a “tidal wave”

o nothing to do with the tides,nor is it a wind-driven wave

·    caused by a major transfer of energy into the ocean water

          o disturbance on the sea floor (volcano,EQ,landslide,or even meteorite impact)

■   example: movement along a trust fault,for example,can create an upward motion of the water→produces surface movement (swells)

■  this is what happened in Indonesia and Japan

·can strike almost any coastal area and cause severe damage

o   much more common in the Pacific Ocean

● deaths:

o      1600-1900:~321,000

o      1900-2000:~150,000

o  2000-present:~230,000   (2004  tsunami)+~19,000   (2011  tsunami)+~1500 (2018  tsunami)=~250,000




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