The 1st Assignment of Public Finance (ECON4043)
Question 1 [34 marks total]
Suppose that Mark is a single father who spends all of his income and TANF benefits on education for his children (denoted by E). Let H denote the hours worked per year for Mark and F represent the free hours he spends for himself. Mark can work a maximum of 2500 hours per year and assume that he spends all of his remaining time for leisure (H + F = 2500). Assume further that Mark can initially make $25/hour and education costs $1/unit. (Round the answer to 2 decimals ifit’s necessary)
a. [4 marks] Write down the initial budget constraint for Mark in terms of F and E. What is the price of an hour of leisure for Mark? Draw the budget constraint indicating the x- intercept (F), y-intercept (E) and the slope.
b. [6 marks] Now suppose that the government is planning to introduce an TANF policy with a grantee benefit of $12,000 and a benefit reduction rate of 60% for all the single parents, what is the price of leisure for Mark under this policy? Draw the budget constraints for this policy as well as for the initial case on the same graph. What do you predict the impact of this TANF policy will be on Mark’s education expenditure (E) and his leisure time spent for himself (F)? Identify the income and substitution effects separately.
c. [6 marks] Based on the above b, now the government decides to decrease the grantee benefit from $12,000 to $6,000 and using the same deduction rate, what is the price of leisure for Mark under this new policy? Draw the budget constraints for this new policy as well as for above two cases on the same graph. What do you predict the impact of TANF policy changes will be on Mark’s education expenditure (E) and his leisure time spent for himself (F)? Identify the income and substitution effects separately.
d. [5 marks] Assume that Mark’s utility function takes the following form.
U(E,F) = 150ln(F) + 75ln(E)
Set up the utility maximization problem and solve for Mark’s optimum expenditure on education (E), leisure (F) and utility (U) under two TANF policies in above b and c. How large will the labor supply response be to the policy changes?
e. [4 marks] Assume the labor market of this economy is an competitive market, and the
supply curves and the demand curve of the labor market in this economy are as followed:
Original Supply Curve: Qs=150,000+8w
New Supply Curve with TANF $12,000: Qs=100,000+8w
New Supply Curve with TANF $6,000: Qs=120,000+8w
Demand Curve: Qd =200,000-10w
Using the tools of welfare analysis to measure the welfare implications of the introduction TANF and cutting TANF benefits (Calculate the deadweight loss and show it in a diagram).
f. [4 marks] Calculate the price elasticity of supply when wage changes from $25 to $30, hours worked per year increased from 2500 hours to 2800 hours. And it is elastic or inelastic or unit elastic? If the government permanently uses the TANF, will the policy have a larger effect one year from now or five years from now?
g. [5 marks] Suppose you are hired by the government to evaluate the impact of the above TANF policy change, for example, from a large TANF to a lower TANF. What type of sample data would you use? What type of estimation method would you use? Explain.
Question 2 [23 marks total]
Suppose that a local government starts with a balanced budget, and plans to implement a new law to increase transfer payments of medical care to local citizens, because the government believes that this change might improve the health situation of the citizens, and hence promote their productivity and production efficiency in the long run.
a. [3 marks] If the new law is passed and put into force, is the increased transfer payment an entitlement spending or a discretionary spending? Why?
b. [6 marks] If the government uses the dynamic scoring rather than the static scoring to evaluate the effects of this new law on the budgetary position, what are possible positive and negative effects? For the negative effects, give an example on the expenditure side and an example on the revenue side (try your best to use what you learned in class).
c. [6 marks] Suppose that the current year is year 0, and the new law will increase the government medical care expenditure for $105 million in EACH of the next 10 years (from year 1 to year 10). Suppose the annual interest rate is 5% and is stable. Calculate the present discounted value (PDV, denoted in $ in period 0) of these increased expenditure in the next 10 years. Show the equation for calculation and the simplified, compact expression of the PDV formula.
d. [6 marks] Continue with part c. Suppose that the government plans to increase the local citizens’ payroll tax on medical care to sponsor the increased expenditure caused by the new law. Suppose the plan for the tax is as follows: In year 1, the government can increase the tax revenue by $100 million, and this tax revenue will increase at an annual rate of 3% from year 2 to year 10. Suppose the annual interest rate is still 5% and it is stable. Calculate the present discounted value (PDV, denoted in $ in period 0) of the increased revenue in the next 10 years. Show the equation for calculation and the simplified, compact expression of the PDV formula.
e. [2 marks] Continue with parts c and d. If the government uses an intertemporal budget constraint in year 0, does the government have an intertemporal budget surplus or deficit? Why?
Question 3 [43 marks total]
Part A: Market failures are often caused by the problem of externalities. About the problem of externalities, we have the following questions:
a. [6 marks] The production of paper is likely to involve the pollution of water sources. Assuming that there is a competitive market for paper production, use a typical demand- supply diagram to illustrate the effect of the production externality on total social surplus.
b. [10 marks] If a corrective (Pigouvian) tax per unit of pollution is imposed on the producer of paper in Part a), use typical demand-supply diagram to show and explain changes in consumer surplus, producer surplus and total social surplus before and after the tax is imposed.
Part B:
c. [10 marks] Assume that in a hypothetical country there is only one paper mill A, and according to the requirement of its government, this paper mill needs to reduce the emission of pollutants during the production process. Suppose that the overall cost of pollution reduction for this mill is described by C(Q) = 4Q2 , where Q denotes the quantity of pollution reduction, while the social benefit of pollution reduction for this country can be expressed as B(Q) = 320Q - Q2 . Calculate the socially optimal level of this mill’s pollution reduction, show and explain the calculation process. If a tax per unit of pollution is imposed on this paper mill, can the socially optimal level be achieved? Explain why.
d. [8 marks] In Part c), if there also exists another paper mill B in this country, and the overall cost of its pollution reduction is described by C(Q) = 60Q + 2Q2 . Calculate the socially optimal levels of pollution reduction for these two mills. If a tax per unit of pollution is levied on these two mills, calculate the tax that would make these two mills generate the optimal amounts of pollution reduction.
e. [9 marks] In Part d), If these two mills each produce 70 units of pollution, calculate the total pollution amount in the social optimum. If these two mills are required to reduce their pollution by the same amount, can the socially optimal level of pollution reduction be achieved? Explain why. If these two mills are given the same numbers of pollution permits and if they are allowed to trade them, how can the socially optimal level of pollution reduction be achieved?