代写SOC202H1S Introduction to Quantitative Research Methods代做Java语言

SOC202H1S

Introduction to Quantitative Research Methods

Due date,submission,and instructions

Please submit an electronic copy on Quercus in a single document that contains all lab components.Please read the detailed instructions about the expected content and formatting of these lab assignments in the document  Lab assignment instructions available on Quercus.

Learning Objectives

In this tutorial you will:

●  Learn how to create a new variable based on variables in the data set

  Practice formulating hypotheses

  Use SPSS to conduct a two-sample means test

●  Use SPSS to graphically compare the means(and confidence intervals)of two groups: Learn how to produce an error bar graph

●  Practice interpreting the results of hypothesis tests

Data

The exercise assigned to this week are based on the General Social Survey(GSS).You can download the"GSS2013_shortened.sav"data file from the course website on Quercus(go to "Tutorials">"Datasets").

Exercise 1 (90%of mark)

The research question you will be investigating this week is: Does the average number of friends differ between men and women?

a) For this exercise,you are going to create a new variable capturing respondents'number of friends based on the"Number of Close friends [scf_100c]"and the"Number of other friends [scf_110c]").Generate the new variable by adding two existing variables following the instructions in the tutorial.

Check vour work:Calculate basic descriptive statistics(mean,standard deviation, minimum and maximum).What is the lowest and what is the highest number of friends? What is the average number of friends?Do these values look plausible?

b) Calculate the mean number of friends for women and men.Instruction:Go to Analyze>

Compare  Means>Means..>move  the  variable"Number of friends"into the box "Dependent List"and the  variable"Sex  of respondent"(sex)into  the  "Layer  1  of1"box>

click on OK.Include this descriptive table in your report.

●  write a sentence of interpretation about how these sample means compare

● explain why we need to conduct a two-sample significance test when we can tell whether there is a difference just by examining the two means in the table

c)   Following the instructions in the SPSS DEMONSTRATION 11.2(p.381),produce an

error bar graph comparing women and men's average number of friends.Interpret the graph the point estimates and confidence intervals,separately (one sentence each).Then,interpret both of the graphs together(one sentence only).(That's three  sentences in total:One for men,one for women,and one for both of them together)

Next,you are going to conduct a two-sided two-sample test for means at the.05 significance level.

d) State the hypotheses mathematically and literally.

e) Perform. a two-sample means test using  Demonstration 11.3(p.382). In order   to     conduct this hypothesis test,you need to know what the numerical values are that  are  assigned to the categories  "male"and"female"on the variable sex.To find  this out,consult the GSS CODE BOOK.

f) State whether you reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis  H₀you formulated in part d)at the .05 significance level.

g) Provide  a verbal  interpretation  of the  rejection  decision.

h) How do the findings from the two-sample means test compare to the findings based on the error bar graph in part e)?(1-2 sentences)

i)    What  questions do these findings  raise?Why might this finding come about?(this is, of course,somewhat speculative.Please limit this to 3 sentences).

Exercise 2 (10%of mark)

Find the variables cerd230c and grp_40.Familiarize yourself with the codebook entries

for both of these variables,especially the missing values.

a)Provide  frequency  tables  for  the  two  variables.If  someone  states"None"for cerd230c what appears to happen to their response for grp_40?

b)Run a t-test  investigating the  effect of gender on grp_40 and  provide the output before you recode any missing variable.

c)Now run a t-test  investigating the  effect of gender on grp_40 and  provide the

output after you recode any individuals who answer"None"for cerd230c to an interpretable value on grp_40.(see the reading notes for more information about this)

d)What is the difference in interpretation between these two t-tests?Which  one seems more useful in this case?(2-3 sentences)

Learning Objectives

In these exercises,you will:

●  Practice  how  to  interpret  bivariate  regression  analysis,including  the  regression  slope,the  constant, the  correlation  coefficient  rand  the  coefficient  of  determination

Data

You may use either the GSS or the Canadian Community Health Survey for this assignment.

Exercise 1(20%of mark)

You may find the SPSS DEMONSTRATION 13.2 at the end of Chapter 13 in the section"You Are the Researcher"(p.447)useful  for  this  section.

Read through the entire directions before you choose variables.Note that you will need to make a causal argument,and one of your interval-ratio variables will be a dependent variable in both analyses.Using either the GSS or Canadian Community Health Survey Dataset,you will select one nominal variable that    has  more  than  two  categories(non-dichotomous)and  two  interval-ratio  variables.

a) Use the Descriptives command to get means and standard deviation for two interval ratio variables Discuss these descriptive findings in a couple of sentences.(Hint:You did something similar back on Lab A).Include the table in your answer.

b) Use the Frequencies command to get the frequency tables for your nominal variable.Discuss the

distribution of the nominal variable and write a couple of sentences about what the distribution means in real-world terms.(Hint:You did something similar back on Lab A).Include the table in your answer.

c) Transform. your nominal variable into a new dichotomous variable,with"0"representing"No"and"1"     representing"Yes."Make sure this  new variable  has  an easy-to-remember  name!Then  create a two-way frequency table for your old nominal variable and your new nominal variable to make sure the

transformation  worked;include  the  table  in  your  answer.

Exercise  2(40%of  mark)

Examining Theory:X=Nominal,Y=Interval/Ratio

a) Generate  a  causal  theory  about  your  nominal  variable  and  your  interval/ratio  variable.Which  one  is  likely  to cause  the  other,and  why?Define   xand  y.[Note:this  should  be  approximately  two  sentences;one  to

explain which one is likely to cause the other,and one to explain why.If you are having trouble coming up with  a  relatively  plausible  theory,you  may  want  to  select  different  variables]

b) Calculate  the   correlation   coefficient.Report   the   output   and   interpret   the   correlation   coefficient(one sentence).

c) Run  the   OLS  regression.Report  the  output,and   interpret  the   regression  coefficient  and  intercept  (one sentence  for  the  coefficient,one  for  the   intercept)

d) Interpret      R-Squared

e) Test your theory  using  all  six  steps  from  the  video  lecture  and  reading  notes.When  the  regression

output gives you what you  need,you  do  not  need  to  calculate  it  out  by  hand;simply  report  what  you found  from  the  regression  output  above.

f) Based  on  the  tests  of  statistical  significance  and  measures  of  effect  size(correlation  coefficient,

regression  coefficient,and  R-squared),evaluate  your  theory.Do   not  write   more  than   3-4  sentences

Exercise 3(40%of mark)

Examining Theory:X=Interval/Ratio,Y=Interval/Ratio

a) Generate a causal theory about your two  interval/ratio variables,using the same dependent variable  as in the previous section.Which one is likely to cause the other,and why?Define xand y.[Note:this should be approximately two or maybe three sentences;one to explain which one is likely to cause the other,and one to explain why.If you are having trouble coming up with a relatively plausible theory,you may want to select different variables.]

b) Calculate  the  correlation  coefficient.Report  the  output  and  interpret  the  correlation  coefficient(one sentence).

c) Run the  OLS  regression.Report  the  output,and  interpret  the  regression  coefficient  and  intercept(ne sentence for the coefficient,one for the intercept)

d) Interpret    R-Squared

e) Test your theory using all six steps from the video lecture and reading notes.When the regression

output gives you what you need,you do not need to calculate it out by hand;simply report what you found from the regression output above.

f)    Based on the tests of statistical significance and measures of effect size(correlation coefficient, regression coefficient,and R-squared),evaluate your theory.Do not write more than 3or 4 sentences.



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