553.420/620 Intro. to Probability
Assignment #1
Due Friday, Sep. 9 11:59PM as a PDF upload to Gradescope.
1.1. Three people a,b, and c play “hot potato” . One of them picks up a ball (the hot potato). The person with the ball is allowed to toss the ball to anyone but themselves.
(a) If two tosses take place, how many sample points are in this sample space? (b) Please specify the sample space Ω, i.e., write it out as a set.
(c) If there are 9 people instead playing this game and 8 tosses take place, how large is the sample space?
1.2. There is one supermarket in town. Charlie uniformly at random visits the supermarket exactly one day during the week; David also visits the supermarket uniformly at random one day during the week. What’s the probability Charlie and David both visit the supermarket on the same day?
1.3. Every day a kindergarten class chooses one of the 50 state flags to hang on the wall, without regard to previous choices. We are interested in the flags that are chosen on Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday of the week.
(a) How many possible ways are there to observe the flags on these three days?
(b) What’s the probability that Maryland’s flag is hung on Monday and Iowa’s flag on Wednesday?
(c) What’s the probability that Maryland’s flag is hung at least two of these three days?
1.4. Feller’s An Introduction to Probability Theory and Its Applications, Volume 2 has 670 pages. Dr. Torcaso opens the book, flips to a random page, and then closes the book. This is repeated 10 times. How many different sequences of pages can Dr. Torcaso obtain?
1.5. There are 8 topping options for a pizza, and as many or as few of the toppings are allowed to be selected. How many different combinations of toppings are there for the pizza?
1.6. Adam is playing poker. On each turn, since he is aggressive and doesn’t know how to fold, he either checks or raises. There are 6 bets in a given hand. Find the amount of sequences of actions that Adam can perform in one hand.
1.7. How many subsets of {1, 2, . . . , n} exclude the subset {1, 2, . . . , k}, where 1 ≤ k ≤ n?
1.8. A manager has 165 players from which they are trying to fill a roster of 11 different positions. How many rosters are possible?
1.9. There are 8 horses in a race at Pimlico. The first horse to finish is ranked 1, the second horse to finish is ranked 2, and so on. All horses finish the race, there are no ties.
(a) How many rankings are possible?
(b) The rank 1, 2, and 3 positions are sometimes called the win, place, and show positions, respectively. How many win, place, show results are possible?
1.10. We have a standard deck of 52 cards. We turn over the top 5 cards one at a time. (a) How many arrangements are possible?
(b) Find the probability all cards are red (the diamond ♢ and heart ♡ suits are red, other suits are black).
(c) Find the probability colors alternate.
(d) (separate question) Suppose when we turn over the 5 cards we replace each card we turn over into the deck and re-shuffle before drawing the next, then how many possible outcomes are there now?
1.11. Suppose k and n are positive integers with 1 ≤ k ≤ n. How many sequences of length n con- sisting of the distinct integers from the set 1 through n have the first k entries from the set 1 through k?
1.12. 10 people sit in a row of chairs. How many distinct arrangements of seats are there? Also, if all such seating arrangements were equally likely, what’s the probability Fred is seated next to Carrie?
1.13. 10 people sit at a round table. How many distinct arrangements of seats are there? Any arrangements that can be obtained by rotating the people at the table around but not changing the order of the seats are considered identical. Also, if all such seating arrangements were equally likely, what’s the probability Fred is seated next to Carrie?
1.14. A lottery card consists of 6 distinct numbers from 1 to 90 inclusive.
(a) If the order is relevant in determining a winner, how many different lottery cards are there? (b) If the order is irrelevant in determining a winner, how many different lottery cards are there?
1.15. Gary creates a workout plan at a gym. There are 28 different machines, and the order in which he selects machines influences his workout. How many different ways can Gary create a workout consisting of 7 machines if
(a) Gary can repeat a machine at any point in the workout? (b) Gary cannot repeat a machine in the workout?
(c) Gary can repeat a machine in the workout but just not consecutively?
1.16. Consider the word BOOLAHUBBOO. (a) How many anagrams are possible?
(b) How many of these anagrams end BOOBOO?
(c) How many anagrams have all the B’s grouped together?
(d) How many anagrams have all the B’s grouped together and all the vowels grouped together?
1.17. In how many ways can a coach create tee-ball team of 9 players from a collection of 15 players?
1.18. Harry buys 5 cookies from Insomnia Cookie. In how many ways can he create the box so that all the flavors are distinct if there are 40 different flavors?
1.19. Vincent has all 9 trophies from High Tide in his room. He wants to move 4 of them to Simon’s room. In how many ways can Vincent select 4 trophies to give to Simon?
1.20. How many binary sequences (sequences only consisting of 0 and 1) of length 14 have exactly 6 ones?
1.21. A dissertation defense committee at Johns Hopkins is a group of 5 people: one is the student’s dissertation advisor, 3 are eligible members of the faculty in the advisor’s department, and an eligible faculty from outside the advisor’s department. Rhee Lee-Smart is trying to form her dissertation com- mittee. Her dissertation advisor is Justin Case from the Department of Civil Disobedience (DOCD). There are 600 other eilgible university faculty that can serve but only 8 of these belong to DOCD. How many dissertation committees can Rhee form?
1.22. I deal you 8 cards from a (well-shuffled) standard deck of 52. What’s the probability that you get exactly 2 of each suit?
1.23. From a pack a 20 m&m’s there are 5 red, 4 blue, 3 green, 6 yellow, and 2 orange. Assume the candies are well-mixed. Only simplify if it’s something nice.
These are separate questions unless noted otherwise.
(a) We grab a handful of 4 m&m’s from this pack. What’s the probability that you grab exactly 2 red m&m’s?
(b) The plan is to line up all 20 m&m’s. What’s the chance that no two red m&m’s are adjacent?
(c) (continued from part (b)) What’s the chance the exactly two red m&m’s are adjacent?
h.24. Eight points are chosen on the circumference of a circle. How many chords can be drawn by joining these points in all possible ways? If the eight points are considered vertices of a polygon (say, the points are equally spaced on the circumference), how many triangles and how many hexagons can be formed?
h.25. Consider all 9! orderings of the digits 1 ; 2; 3; 4; 5; 6; 7; 8; 9. How many of them have the 1; 2 and 3 preceding the 4 and 5? For example, 926314857, 216359784, 123645879 and 783926154 are good.