代做LINC11 Winter 2025 Midterm调试Python程序

Midterm Short Answer Portion

LINC11 Winter 2025

February 12, 2025

Submission: Due February 13, 9pm (21h) on Quercus

Total points: 50

The following exercises must be completed by uploading a PDF or .doc document onto Quercus. Please ensure that your answers are legible.

This portion of the midterm is worth 50 points altogether. This portion is to be completed alongside the online quiz, which is worth 25 points and can also be found on Quercus.  This midterm assessment covers material through week 5 of the course.

This midterm is meant to be completed on your own, without cooperation with others.  Please ensure that your answers are your own.  All material and notes from the course, however, are open for your use. Please look through past slides, readings and other resources to help you.

Goodluck, and enjoy!

1            Part 1: Trees (20 points)

Draw tree structures for the following sentences. Concerning features and movement, you may draw trees at their “final stage” (after movement and agreement), making sure to use different arrows and lines to represent agreement and movement as necessary.

(1)    Urcilang wants to win this game against his brother.

(2)    April’s sister has walked from Tianjin to Beijing.

(3)    The ugliest sweater was donated to Value Village by two young boys.

(Value Village is a proper name)

(4)    Veronica seems to have broken her ankle.

2            Part 2:  Data Questions (20 points)

2.1        Hawrami DP (4 points)

Hawrami is a Northwest Iranian language spoken in Kurdistan and Kermanshah regions of Iran and Iraq. Consider the limited data set below from several DP’s in the language:

(5)    a.    yere    knach-e  zerif-e              barz-e

three  girl-ez    beautiful-ez  tall-pl

‘Three tall, beautiful girls.’

b.    æ:     æsp-æ       sya:wæ

that  horse-ez  black

‘That black horse’

c.     mashin-u  Hasan-i

car-ez.      Hasan-gen

‘Hasan’s car.’

d.    pæl-u          halo-i

feather-ez  eagle-gen

‘Eagle’s feather’

(ez stands for Ezafe a linking element in many Iranian languages – and is irrelevant to this question.)  In class, we argued that one analysis of the English saxon genitive ’s is that it is not a D head, but rather the realization of the genitive case on a possessor noun the specifier position of a genitive DP. We took this English morpheme to be a true case marker like the genitive marker in the data from Hawrami. Construct an argument from the Hawrami data above, making reference to the provided examples, to support the analysis that genitive case is not realised by the D head itself.

2.2       Malagasy (8 points)

Malagasy is one of the few languages of the world that has predominantly VOS word order. Simple transitive sentences look like the following in 6:

(6)    a.    N-a-maky                viliha     aho

pst-vactive-break  dishes

‘I broke [some] dishes’

b. M-an-asa          haingana lamba amin’ny savony aho

pst-vactive-wash quickly clothes with’det soap 1sg

‘I’m washing clothes quickly with soap.’

Malagasy is similar to many other Austronesian languages in that it has several voice alternations that focus one element of the sentence or another. While the sentences above in 6 are in what is called Actor Topic, the sentence below in 7 is in Theme Topic voice:

(7)     Sasan-ako  amin’ny    savony  lamba  wash-1sg   with’det  soap      clothes

The clothes are washed with soap [by me]’

Lisa Travis has argued that in Malagasy, there is an active v head – which is realised by -an- in Actor Topic sentences. This prefix is not found in Theme Topic sentences like 7, providing good evidence that -an- is the realisation of an active-voice little-v head.

Question: Describe how the word order in the sentences in 6 and 7 can be derived. Which items (heads or phrases) must move, and where do they move to? Illustrate your answer with a simple structural drawing (tree) that shows the essential parts of your conclusion. Additionally, do you have all of the data you need to give a full account of how 7 in particular is derived? If not, describe what additional piece(s) of data would be helpful for determining the structure of a sentence like 7.

Data for this question is adapted from data in Travis (2010). Inner aspect:  The articulation of VP

2.3       Mongolian Accusative Case (8 points)

Mongolian is a language with a variety of morphological cases that appear on nominals in the clause. Unsur- prisingly, direct objects in the language appear in the accusative case, indirect objects appear in the dative, and complements of postpositions appear in a number of other cases.   In most situations, the system is straightforward and predictable. Consider, for example, the following sentences exemplifying the use of the accusative and dative cases:

(8)     Bi  xool-iig uurtaigaar  id-sen

I    food-acc  angrily        eat-vrn.pst ‘I ate the food angrily.’

(9)     Bagš        surugč-id nom-iig ögö-sön

Teacher  student-dat  book-acc  give-vrn.pst

‘The teacher gave a book to the student.’

However, the accusative case in Mongolian may also appear on the subjects of some embedded clauses (the embedded clauses are bracketed here to help with readability).  The sentences in 10 and 11 are exam- ples with matrix (main clause) verbs that take finite complement clauses that appear either with an overt complementizer (gež) or as a nominal-ized clause.

(10)     Bold  [Has-ig övčtei  bai-na     gež]        barxira-na  Bold  [Hasa-acc  sick     be-npst  comp]  shout-npst

‘Bold is shouting that Hasa is sick.’

(11)     Bold  [Has-ig sogtuu  bai-x]-ig                     mart-san

Bold  [Hasa-acc  drunk  be-vrn.npst]-acc  forget-vrn.pst ‘Bold forgot that Hasa was drunk’

On the surface, sentences like 10 and 11 bear some similarity to English sentences like the following:

(12)    a.    I convinced him to wash the dishes.

b.    Sheila asked me to send a letter.

Question 1: Explain what the sentences in 12 (called ‘ECM’ or Exceptional Case Marking sentences) seem to have in common with the Mongolian sentences in 10 and 11 above, but also identify some crucial differences between the two. (Hint: one major difference comes especially from 11)

In addition to appearing in complement clauses, accusative subjects are also found in Mongolian ad- joined clauses (under PPs or in converbials – non-finite adverbial clauses):

(13)     [Dorž-iig ir-megč]        Tuyaa  övd-sön

[Dorž-acc  come-cvb]  Tuyaa  sicken-vrn.pst ‘As soon as Dorž came, Tuyaa fell ill.’

(14)     Bi  [minii egč-iig yav-san]-aas             xoiš    Xöx Xot-ad     amdra-ž  bai-san

I    my       sister-acc  leave-vrn.pst-abl  since  Höhhot-dat  live-cvb  be-vrn.pst ‘I’ve been living in Hohhot since my sister left.’

One analysis of ECM argues that the main verb can assign accusative to an embedded subject.  Both 13 and 14 present at least two major problems for applying this type of analysis to Mongolian accusative subjects.

Question 2: Identify the problems that 13 and 14 present for an analysis that argues that the matrix verb can assign accusative to embedded subjects. Illustrate your answer with basic structural drawings (trees) to support your discussion. (You do not have to draw a full structure for any particular sentence; just illustrate the parts that are

essential for your discussion.)

3           Part 3:  Discussion Questions (10 points)

3.1        English Auxiliaries and little-v (4 points)

When we introduced the vP and VoiceP to our analysis of English, we needed to determine whether vP/VoiceP was above or below auxiliaries in the clause. Ultimately, we concluded that auxiliaries head a projection that  appears above the vP/ VoiceP. Describe in your own words how we determined this, and what complication  we had to avoid that would not allow us to rely on word order alone.

3.2        Feature Types (3 points)

Explain in your own words the difference between interpretable and uninterpretable features.  Make ref- erence to the benefits we gain from having a system that makes a distinction between uninterpretable and interpretable features.

3.3       Case Alignment Systems (3 points)

The correlation between argument structure and patterns of case assignment are often discussed in terms of alignment. You are most familiar with Nominative-Accusative alignment. In a Nom-Acc system, nominative case is assigned to whichever argument ends up in the TP, and accusative is assigned to the internal argument of a verb. In an Ergative-Absolutive aligned system, however, the agent of a transitive predicate will receive Ergative case (from T) and any other argument (including the sole argument of all intransitives, as well as the internal argument of the V) will receive absolutive case (usually from v). With this in mind, explain why we call unergatives un-ergative. Draw an analogy to unaccusatives to help you answer this.


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