ELEN30009
ELECTRICAL NETWORK
ANALYSIS & DESIGN
Semester 1, 2018
1 Transient Analysis in LTI Circuits
1. Consider the following circuit in which current in an inductor is driven by a DC source.
An ammeter is used to measure the current iL through the inductor and the current time graph is displayed below. Assume the ammeter has zero impedance.
(a) Estimate the time constant τ of the transient, as well as the inductance of L.
(b) Estimate the voltage level vL of the DC source.
(c) Estimate the energy stored in the inductor at time t = ∞ .
2. Consider the circuit shown below in which the switch has been open for a long time prior to t = 0.
(a) What is the value of vC before the switch closes?
(b) Obtain a differential equation for vC and solve it to find vC (t) for t ≥ 0.
(c) What is the steady state value of vC after the switch closes? Determine how long it takes after the switch closes before vC is within 1% of its steady-state value.
(d) Repeat part (a) by first obtaining a Th´evenin equivalent at the capacitor’s terminals, then use this to more easily find the time constant τ and then vC (t) for t ≥ 0.
3. The switch in the circuit below has been in the left position for a long time. At time t = 0 it moves to the right position and stays there.
(a) Find the v(0+ ), the capacitor voltage just after the switch changes position.
(b) Write the expression for the capacitor voltage, v(t), for t ≥ 0.
(c) Write the expression for the current through the 40 kΩ resistor, i(t), for t > 0.
(d) What percentage of the initial energy stored in the capacitor is dissipated by the 40 kΩ resistor?
4. The switch in the circuit below has been in position “a” for a long time. At t = 0, it moves instantaneously to position “b”.
(a) Find vo (t) for t ≥ 0.
(b) io (t) for t > 0.
(c) v1 (t) for t ≥ 0.
5. The switch in the circuit below has been in position x for a long time. The initial charge on the 60 nF capacitor is zero. At t = 0, the switch moves instantaneously to position y.
(a) Find v0 (t) for t > 0.
(b) Find v1 (t) for t ≥ 0.
6. The circuit elements in the circuit shown below are R = 125Ω, L = 200 mH, and C = 5μF. The initial inductor current is -0.3 A and the initial capacitor voltage is 25 V.
(a) Calculate the initial current in each branch of the circuit.
(b) Find v(t) for t ≥ 0.
(c) Find iL (t) for t ≥ 0.
7. The initial value of the voltage v in the circuit from Problem 6 is 0 V, and the initial value of the capacitor current, iC (0+ ), is 45 mA. The expression for the capacitor current is known to be
iC (t) = A1 e-200t + A2 e-800t , t > 0,
when R is 250 Ω . Find
(a) the values of Q, ω0 , L, C, A1 , and A2 .
(b) the expression for v(t), t ≥ 0.
(c) the expression for iR (t), t ≥ 0.
(d) the expression for iL (t), t ≥ 0.
8. The switch in the circuit below has been in position “a” for a long time. At t = 0, the switch moves instantaneously to position “b”.
(a) What is the initial value va (0+ ) just after the switch changes position?
(b) What is the initial value dva (0+ )/dt?
(c) What is the numerical expression for va (t) for t > 0?
9. The two switches in the circuit below operate synchronously. When switch 1 is in position “a”, switch 2 is closed. When switch 1 is in position “b”, switch 2 is open. Switch 1 has been in position “a” for a long time. At t = 0, it moves instantaneously to position “b”.
(a) Find vc (0+ ) and the initial inductor current (left-to-right).
(b) Find vc (t) for ≥ 0.
10. In the circuit shown below, a switch is connected between a DC voltage source and a network of five passive devices with the following component values:
R1 = 1 Ω C1 = 125 mF L1 = 0.8 H R2 = 2 Ω C2 = 125 mF
The switch is in the open position before time t = 0. At time t = 0- , there is no energy stored in either capacitor, and the inductor current is given to be iL (0- ) = 1 A.
At time t = 0, the switch is instantaneously moved to the closed position.
(a) Derive a differential equation for the voltage vC (t) for t > 0.
(b) Derive a differential equation for the current iL (t) for t > 0.
(c) What type of step response does this circuit exhibit? Why?
(d) Using either of your differential equations from (a) or (b), find the following: vC (t), iL (t), and i1 (t) for t > 0 assuming that the switch remains closed after t = 0.
(e) Now assume that at t = 1 second the switch is moved back to the open position.
Find the following: vC (t) and iL (t) for t > 1 assuming that switch remains open beyond t = 1 second.
11. The circuit below shows a series RLC circuit with an input voltage vin (t). You are given the following component values:
R = 100 Ω C = 62.5 μF L = 100 mH
(a) For the input vin (t) = 3u(t), find both vc (t) and i(t) for t > 0. Assume for this part that zero energy is stored in the circuit at time t = 0- .
(b) Now assume the input is
Find both i(t) and vC (t) for t ≥ 0.
2 Convolution
12. A rectangular pulse vi (t) = [u(t) - u(t - 1)] V is applied to the RL network shown below.
(a) Find the impulse response h(t) of the network.
(b) Use the convolution integral to find vo (t)
(c) Interchange the position of the inductor and resistor in the circuit and repeat (a).
13. Consider the same RL network in the previous problem shown in the figure above, as well as the same input vi (t) = [u(t) - u(t - 1)] V. You are going to consider an alternative way to find vo (t) using convolution and superposition. You are to perform the following steps:
(a) Consider the input to the circuit to be v1 (t) = u(t) and apply the convolution integral to determine the resulting output vo1(t). Do not specify “for t ≥ 0” in your answer, but instead use u(t) to signify this, as it will be important for the next part.
(b) Now consider the input v2 (t) = u(t - 1). This is just a time shifted version of v1 (t), and due to a circuit being an LTI system, the output time shifted version of vo1(t). Apply time shifting to the function vo1(t) to create the output vo2 = vo1(t - 1). Be sure to time shift the u(t) function used to indicate validity for t ≥ 0 in vo1(t).
(c) Use the principle of superposition to find the output vo (t) when the input is vi (t) = v1 (t) - v2 (t), and verify this answer is equivalent to that in part (b) of the previous problem.
14. Consider the RC network shown below, where the input voltage is a rectangular pulse shown to its right.
(a) Find the impulse response h(t) of the network.
(b) Use the convolution integral to find vo (t) and sketch it for 0 ≤ t ≤ 100 ms.
(c) Now assume that the resistor’s value decreases to 200 Ω . Repeat parts (a) and (b).
(d) Does decreasing the resistor’s value increase or decrease the memory of the circuit? Hint: Use your two sketches and consider which network comes closer to transmitting a replica of the original input voltage.
15. The input voltage in the network shown below is
vi (t) = 5[u(t) — u(t — 0.5)] V
(a) Find the impulse response h(t) of the network.
(b) Use the convolution integral to find vo (t).