Design of Slot Antenna Using Standard Rectangular Waveguide
1. Introduction
Slot antenna is a type of antenna that belongs to the Aperture antenna family. Ideally, slot antenna is a single thin slot in infinite ground plane. In fact, slot antenna is the complement or dual to a dipole antenna in free space. That means that the slot antenna will have identical radiation pattern as a dipole that have the same dimensions as the slot. In a similar manner to the dipole antenna, the slot resonates at half wavelength long, λ/2, where λ is the operation wavelength in free space [1].
One of the widely used implementations of slots antenna is slotted metallic waveguide antennas as shown in Fig. 1. The antennas are based on metallic standard rectangular waveguide technology. Generally, there are two main types of slotted waveguide antennas depending how they are positioned with respect to the main propagation direction of the waveguide mode, namely:
• transversal slots, positioned perpendicularly along the direction of the wave propagation, as seen in Fig.1a), and
• longitudinal slots, positioned along the direction of the wave propagation, as seen in Fig.1b).
In both types, the resonance frequency and radiation pattern of the slot is controlled by the dimensions and the positions of the slots within the waveguide.
Fig. 1. Example of slot antennas in rectangular waveguides. (a) waveguide with one transversal slot and one longitudinal slot and (b) an array consists of four longitudinal slot antennas in a rectangular waveguide [2].
Fig. 2. Front-End of F16 fighter jet radar positioned in the nose of the plane. The front- end consists of a phased array antenna designed based on a slotted waveguide antenna [3].
Slot antennas and arrays have several advantages including: linear polarization, high efficiency, high reliability, high RF power handling capabilities and relative design simplicity. Also, slots have compact dimensions and low cost of fabrication. These characteristics enable slot antennas to have wide range of applications including: television transmitting antennas, wireless and 5G mobile communication base stations, civil and military radars, antennas for missiles and aircrafts.
2. Standard Rectangular Waveguide (material taken from lecture notes)
Fig. 3. Standard rectangular waveguide.
A schematic of a standard rectangular waveguide is shown in Fig. 3. The waveguide has a width of b and length of a and the electromagnetic wave is guided inside of the waveguide. Rectangular waveguide is considered an excellent and very efficient transmission line where the travelling wave inside waveguide experience very low attenuation. However, one of the disadvantages of standard metallic waveguide are heavy and bulky. The bandwidth of the waveguide is determined by the waveguide dimensions a and b, as described in your lecture material.
The single mode propagation bandwidth is the frequency range between the cutoff frequency of the fundamental mode (TE10) and the second order mode(TE20) .
Bandwidth = fc,TE20 − fc,TE10
In this course work we will be using a standard X-Band rectangular waveguides also referred to as WR90. X-band is one of the satellite bands and antennas designed in this band has several applications including: satellites communication, civil and military radars as well as in civil avionics. The cutoff frequency is of TEmn is determined by, see your lecture notes:
So the cutoff frequency of TE10 and TE20 for X-band waveguide with dimensions of a=22.86mm and b= 10.16mm:
fc, 10 = 6.56 GHz for TE10 mode
fc,20 = 13.1 GHz for TE20 mode.
Bandwidth = 13.1 − 6.56 = 6.54 GHz.
Therefore, theoretically it is possible to use the X-band waveguide between 6.56GHz and 13.1 GHz. However, in practice WR90/X-band standards recommends operation between 8GHz and 12GHz for optimum performance.
3. Vertically Polarized Transversal Slot Antenna
Single slots are usually used for linear polarization, while inclined cross-slots are used for circular polarization. Polarization of the antenna plays an important role to receive signals without distortions. The polarization of the receiving signal and the receiving antenna must be matched in order to not degrade the efficiency of the communication system [4].
Fig. 4. Schematics of A transversal Slot in a rectangular waveguide. (a) Perspective view and (b) top view. [Key: X = the distance between the edge of the waveguide and the centre of the slot, SL = length of the slot, SW = Width of the Slot].
Fig. 4 shows a transversal slot replaced on the centre of the waveguide normal to the propagation direction of the electromagnetic wave. The slot has a distance X from the edge of the waveguide which is short-circuited (short circuit practically implemented by enclosing one end of the waveguide by a metallic plate) . The slot will disturb the z- component of the current density, which is responsible for radiation.
The electromagnetic wave propagates in the z-direction and the slot resonates at wavelength λg when SL ≈ 2/λg . λg is the guiding mode wavelength of the rectangular waveguide which is calculated by (lecture notes) :
Or simply for the dominant mode with λc,TE10 = 2a by:
where λ is the wavelength in the free space and is calculated by λ = f/c and c is the speed of light = 3 × 108 m/s and f is the operation frequency.
The Slot width, SW, controls the bandwidth of the antenna and it is recommended that Sw ≪ 10/λg and the distance between the last slot and the end X is often chosen to be close to a quarter-wavelength.
4. Horizontally Polarized Longitudinal Slot Antenna
Fig. 5 shows a schematic of longitudinal slot antenna within standard waveguide. The antenna has an opposite polarization to transversal slot antenna. The longitudinal slot resonates at SL ≈ 2/λg and the slot width Sw ≪ 10/λg, and the distance between the slot and the end X is often chosen to be closed to a quarter-wavelength. The longitudinal slot will not radiate if it is replaced in the centre of the waveguide. The distance C should be greater than 0 [5]-[7], because the longitudinal slot excites the magnetic field component of the wave propagating in the z-direction. The field magnitude is minimal at the centre of the waveguide as shown in Fig. 6.
Fig. 5. Schematics of a Longitudinal Slot in a rectangular waveguide. (a) Perspective view and (b) top view. [Key: X1 = the distance between the edge of the waveguide and the centre of the slot, SL= length of the slot and C = the distance between the centre of the waveguide and the centre of the slot].
Fig. 6. The Z-component of the magnetic field (H-field) inside a standard rectangular waveguide, showing that there is no field exists across the centre of the waveguide.
Tutorial
The tutorial sessions will aim to familiarize the student with CST through designing an open ended rectangular waveguide antenna radiates in the end-fire direction and operating at 30 GHz. In addition, the tutorial will cover how mesh, boundary conditions are set in CST as well as the effect of boundary conditions on the simulation performance.
Design Task
This course work aims to design a transversal slot antenna (vertically polarized) and longitudinal slot antenna (horizontally polarized). The antennas will be designed using CST Microwave Studio Software. Both slot antennas should resonate at 10GHz (antennas resonate between 10.05GHz and 9.95GHz would be acceptable for this course work).
You will be using the knowledge of the waveguide theory for slot antenna analysis to design and optimise antennas. CST software will be used to analyse antenna performance and as such you will familiarise with the CST software and learn how to critically assess the parameters needed for simulation – in particular the discretisation of the problem space.
This will also enable you to familiarise yourself with main parameters of antennas and how they are represented.
The CST software uses space discretisation to break the problem into small sections. The smaller the sections the more accurate is the result but the computational costs also increase. A good engineer will also look how to balance accuracy of the results with computational costs. For that reason, you will also be looking at the convergence of your results with mesh discretisation. The rule of thumb is that the mesh size is less than λ/10 but you will be exploring other mesh sizes and look at how they affect the results.
1. Design and simulate an X-band Standard Rectangular waveguide. The Waveguide should have dimensions of length a =22.86mm, width b =10.16mm and height of 50mm. Plot the S11 , S21 , S12 , S22 for the waveguide. Comment on the results in less than 40 words. [hint: set the operation frequency for the simulation between 7GHz and 11GHz]. [Note : combine S11 , and S22 in one figure and S12 and S21 in one figure] . [10 marks]
2. Add a transversal slot with dimensions of SL=15.35mm, X= 3.6mm and SW=1.5mm. Set the mesh cells to 5, then run the simulation for cases where the mesh cells per wavelength is = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30. Analyse how the results of S11 is affected by the increase of the mesh cells. Show convergence and select appropriate mesh. Justify your choice. [hint: set the operation frequency for the simulation between 8.5GHz and 11.5GHz]. [In your report: provide the S11 figures for the 6 cases in one plot, also you can plot resonant frequency and bandwidth as a function of mesh parameter. Finally, analyse convergence in less than 100 words]. [15 marks]
3. Use the waveguide you created in task 1 to design a transversal slot antenna that resonates at 10±0.05 GHz. The antenna should also have a minimum -10 dB bandwidth of 500MHz. Based on your results from task 2 (convergence analysis) use the adequate mesh and obtain results for: a) S11 figure of the antenna highlighting its resonance frequency and bandwidth, and b) plot the far-field radiation pattern of the antenna in polar form for E-plane and H-plane, and c) provide the antenna total efficiency, directivity and gain at 10GHz. For each result give brief comments. [hint: use dimensions SW=1.5mm or 1.25mm for the slot width]. [25 marks]
4. Use the waveguide you created in task 1 to design a longitudinal slot antenna resonates at 10±0.05 GHz. The antenna should have a minimum bandwidth of 500MHz. Show your results for: a) S11 figure of the antenna highlighting its resonance and bandwidth, b) the far-field radiation pattern of the antenna in polar form for E-plane and H-plane, and c) the antenna total efficiency, directivity and gain at 9GHz. For each result give brief comments. [hint: use SW=1.5mm or 1.25mm for your design]. [30 marks]
5. Study and analyse the effect of slot width (SW) on the performance of one of the antennas that you designed. [requirement: Answer should be in less than 100 words including maximum of 2 figures]. [10 marks]
6. Conduct your own research and summarize in less than 125 words, how a dual polarized slot antenna can be designed utilizing a metallic waveguide. You can provide up to two figures/photos to support your explanation [requirement: Answer should be in less than 100 words excluding figures/photo caption and references]. [10 marks]
Your report should not exceed 10 pages. Specification for the document format:
• Main title: Verdana 18pt, bold
• Section title: Verdana 11pt, bold
• Main text: Verdana, 10 or 11pt, normal
• Paragraph: Indentation left 0 cm, right 0cm; Special : Hanging, none; Spacing : before 0pt, after 10pt; Line spacing 1.5 lines or multiple at 1.2.
• Page margins: normal BUT allowed to reduce margins to fit the report in 10 pages.
• Citations: Verdana 10pt, normal.
References
[1] C. A. Balanis, “Aperture Antennas,” in Antenna Theory, 4th Edition, New Jersey, USA, 2016, pp.639-719.
[2] https://www.radartutorial.eu/06.antennas/Slot%20Antenna.en.html
[3]https://duotechservices.com/7-improvements-the-apg-68-offered-the-f-16-fighting-falcon
[4]https://www.antenna-theory.com/antennas/aperture/slottedWaveguide.php
[5] L. Josefsson, “Analysis of longitudinal slots in rectangular waveguides,” IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, vol. 35, no. 12, pp. 1351-1357, December 1987.
[6] K. S. Pradeep, N. N. Nagendra and R. K. Manjunath, "Design and Simulation of Slotted Waveguide Antenna Array for X-Band Radars," 2018 4th International Conference for Convergence in
Technology (I2CT), Mangalore, India, 2018, pp. 1-6, doi: 10.1109/I2CT42659.2018.9058176.
[7] Pablo Sanchez-Olivares, Jose-Luis Masa-Campos, Eduardo Garcia-Marin, Diego Barrio-Tejedor, Pradeep Kumar,”Dual-linearly polarized travelling-wave array antenna based on triple plus slots fed by square waveguide,” AEU - International Journal of Electronics and Communications,Vol. 119, 2020, 153176, ISSN 1434-8411,